Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.
He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inven- tions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and enor. Innovation is like soc- cer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than
they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions , professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
"Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there' s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flexh, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on
wheels that make life more convenient : "How come nobody thought of that before?"
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the av erage person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparentLy simplest route. The in-
novator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?
A. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
B. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
C. A person who has had no education.
D. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.
68 . According to the author , what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
A. The variety of ideas they have.
B. The intelligence they possess.
C. The way they deal with problems.
D. The way they present their findings.
69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__.
A. Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
B. the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing
things .
C. the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch' s point of view
D. the quotation adds a new idea to the informatlon previously presented
70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly
creative individuals are__.
A. diligent in pursuing their goals
B. reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
C. devoted to the progress of science
D. concemed about the advance of society

Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71 ) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and
tools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. "
(73 )Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
The centerhiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Gialileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at
the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglass- es .
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Govemment should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice ver- sa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

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