exercise w5

　　checking paragraphs for supporting ideas

　　read these paragraphs and cross out the one idea that doesn’t support the topic sentence.

　　1. working at a part-time job while studying at a university has many advantages. if students can get a job in their area of study, they are gaining valuable experience and putting their knowledge to use immediately. the extra money they can earn will be useful for meeting tuition fees and enjoying university activities. also, they will have the personal satisfaction of having contributed to their own education. students who need extra money can hold down a full-time temporary job during their summer vacation.

　　2. hobbies are important for many reasons. first, a hobby can be educational. for example, if the hobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the countries of the world and even some of their history. second, engaging in the hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. a person can also meet other people by going to parties. third, a person’s free time is being used in a positive way. the person has no time to be bored or get into mischief while engaged in the hobby. finally, some hobbies can lead to a future job. a person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.

　　3. there are several features of spoken english that make it difficult for me to understand. first, many words are not pronounced as they are spelled, so when i learn new words through reading, i sometimes don’t understand them when they are spoken. second, native speakers contract words and phrases. “what are you doing?” becomes “whacha doin’?” in my opinion, people should write clearly. third, native speakers have a wide range of accents. a british accent is very different from a texas one. fourth, there are lots of idioms and slang expressions. these expressions also differ depending on the area a speaker is from. finally, there are sounds that don’t exist in my language but do exist in english and vice versa. these sounds are difficult for me to distinguish.

　　exercise w6

　　writing supporting ideas

　　use the topic sentences that you wrote for exercise w1. outline four supporting ideas.

　　example catching colds

　　ⅰ. people can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.

　　a. avoid people with colds

　　b. get plenty of sleep

　　c. eat nutritious food

　　d. take vitamin c

　　exercise w7

　　writing supporting ideas in a paragraph

　　on your own paper, write out the paragraphs you outlined in exercise w6 by expanding your supporting ideas into complete sentences.

　　example

　　catching colds

　　people can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions. perhaps the most important precaution is to avoid people who already have colds so that you are not exposed to cold germs. you should also get plenty of sleep so that your resistance is strong. eating nutritious food will ensure that you have the vitamins that can help fight cold germs. finally, you could try taking vitamin c supplements, which may help prevent your catching a cold.

　　extended practice: use the sample outlines in the answer key for exercise w6 to practice writing more paragraphs.

　(二)段落的衔接

　　connective words or phrases can be used point out the thought relationship between sentences. here is a list of some commonly used connectives:

　　1) 表示列举或次序：first, firstly, first of all, above all, to begin with, in the first place, for one thing; second, secondly, in the second place, for another; finally, last but not least

　　2) 表示递进：besides, plus, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, more important, most important

　　3) 表示举例：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, to illustrate, such as(介)…

　　4) 表示对比：similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important; on the contrary, conversely, in contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas(连)

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