Passage 28

¡¡¡¡The settlement of the United States has occupied£ traditional historians since 1893 when Frederick Jackson£ Turner developed his Frontier Thesis£¬ a thesis that£ explained American development in terms of westward£¨5£© expansion. From the perspective of women¡®s history£¬£ Turner¡¯s exclusively masculine assumptions constitute a£ major drawback£º his defenders and critics alike have£ reconstructed men¡®s£¬ not women¡¯s£¬ lives on the frontier.£ However£¬ precisely because of this masculine orientation£¬£¨10£©revising the Frontier Thesis by focusing on women¡®s£ experience introduces new themes into women¡¯s£ history-woman as lawmaker and entrepreneur-and£¬£ consequently£¬ new interpretations of women¡®s relation-£ ship to capital£¬ labor£¬ and statute.
¡¡¡¡£¨15£©Turner claimed that the frontier produced the indivi-dualism that is the hallmark of American culture£¬ and£ that this individualism in turn promoted democratic£ institutions and economic equality. He argued for the£ frontier as an agent of social change. Most novelists and£¨20£© historians writing in the early to midtwentieth century£ who considered women in the West£¬ when they consid-£ ered women at all£¬ fell under Turner¡®s spell. In their£ works these authors tended to glorify women¡¯s contribu-£ tions to frontier life. Western women£¬ in Turnerian tradi-£¨25£© tion£¬ were a fiercely independent£¬ capable£¬ and durable£ lot£¬ free from the constraints binding their eastern sisters.£ This interpretation implied that the West provided a£ congenial environment where women could aspire to£ their own goals£¬ free from constrictive stereotypes and£¨30£© sexist attitudes. In Turnerian terminology£¬ the frontier£ had furnished ¡°a gate of escape from the bondage of the£ past.¡±
¡¡¡¡By the middle of the twentieth century£¬ the Frontier Thesis fell into disfavor among historians. Later£¬ Reac-£¨35£© tionist writers took the view that frontier women were£  lonely£¬ displaced persons in a hostile milieu that intensi-£  fied the worst aspects of gender relations. The renais-£  sance of the feminist movement during the 1970¡®s led to£  the Stasist school£¬ which sidestepped the good bad£¨40£© dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives£ similar to the live of women in the East. In one now-£ standard text£¬ Faragher demonstrated the persistence of£ the ¡°cult of true womanhood¡± and the illusionary qual-£ ity of change on the westward journey. Recently the£¨45£© Stasist position has been revised but not entirely£  discounted by new research.

¡¡¡¡1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
¡¡¡¡£ £¨A£© provide a framework within which the history ofwomen in nineteenth-century America can beorganized.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨B£© discuss divergent interpretations of women¡®s experience on the western frontier
¡¡¡¡£ £¨C£© introduce a new hypothesis about women¡®s experience in nineteenth-century America
¡¡¡¡£ £¨D£© advocate an empirical approach to women¡®s experience on the western frontier
¡¡¡¡£ £¨E£© resolve ambiguities in several theories about women¡®s experience on the western frontier

¡¡¡¡2. Which of the following can be inferred about the novelists and historians mentioned in lines 19-20£¿
¡¡¡¡£ £¨A£© They misunderstood the powerful influence of constrictive stereotypes on women in the East.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨B£© They assumed that the frontier had offered more opportunities to women than had the East.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨C£© They included accurate information about women¡®s experiences on the frontier.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨D£© They underestimated the endurance and fortitude of frontier women.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨E£© They agreed with some of Turner¡®s assumptions about frontier women£¬ but disagreed with other assumptions that he made.

¡¡¡¡3. Which of the following£¬ if true£¬ would provide£ additional evidence for the Stasists¡® argument as it is£ described in the passage£¿
¡¡¡¡£ £¨A£© Frontier women relied on smaller support groups of relatives and friends in the West than they had in the East.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨B£© The urban frontier in the West offered more occupational opportunity than the agricultural frontier offered.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨C£© Women participated more fully in the economic decisions of the family group in the West than they had in the East.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨D£© Western women received financial compensation for labor that was comparable to what women received in the East.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨E£© Western women did not have an effect on divorce laws£¬ but lawmakers in the West were more£ responsive to women¡®s concerns than lawmakers inthe East were.

¡¡¡¡4. According to the passage£¬ Turner makes which of the£ following connections in his Frontier Thesis£¿
¡¡¡¡¢ñ. A connection between American individualism andeconomic equality
¡¡¡¡¢ò. A connection between geographical expansion andsocial change
¡¡¡¡¢ó. A connection between social change and financialprosperity
¡¡¡¡£ £¨A£© I only
¡¡¡¡£ £¨B£© ¢òonly
¡¡¡¡£ £¨C£© ¢ó only
¡¡¡¡£ £¨D£© ¢ñand ¢ò only
¡¡¡¡£ £¨E£© ¢ñ£¬¢ò and ¢ó

¡¡¡¡5. It can be inferred that which of the following statements£ is consistent with the Reactionist position as it is£ described in the passage£¿
¡¡¡¡£ £¨A£© Continuity£¬ not change£¬ marked women¡®s lives as they moved from East to West.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨B£© Women¡®s experience on the North American frontierhas not received enough attention from modernhistorians.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨C£© Despite its rigors£¬ the frontier offered women opportunities that had not been available in the East.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨D£© Gender relations were more difficult for women in the West than they were in the East.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨E£© Women on the North American frontier adopted new roles while at the same time reaffirming traditional roles.

¡¡¡¡6. Which of the following best describes the organization£ of the passage£¿
¡¡¡¡£ £¨A£© A current interpretation of a phenomenon is described and then ways in which it was developed are discussed.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨B£© Three theories are presented and then a new hypothesis that discounts those theories is described.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨C£© An important theory and its effects are discussed and then ways in which it has been revised are described.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨D£© A controversial theory is discussed and then viewpoints both for and against it are described.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨E£© A phenomenon is described and then theories concerning its correctness are discussed.

¡¡¡¡7. Which of the following is true of the Stasist school as it£ is described in the passage£¿
¡¡¡¡£ £¨A£© It provides new interpretations of women¡®s relationship to work and the law.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨B£© It resolves some of the ambiguities inherent in Turnerian and Reactionist thought.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨C£© It has recently been discounted by new research gathered on women¡®s experience.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨D£© It avoids extreme positions taken by other writers on women¡®s history.
¡¡¡¡£ £¨E£© It was the first school of thought to suggest substantial revisions to the Frontier Thesis.

¹²6Ò³: ÉÏÒ»Ò³ [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] 6